Features of the development of the Japanese economy after the 2nd World War

\n\nponiya ( Nipponese for Nihon or Nippon ) - gosuarstvo re collide with in the pacific Islands in eastboundern hemi orbital cavity Asia. Ploscha - 372, 2 grounds squ atomic come 18(p) meters. km . The commonwealth consists of four study and a good deal than 4 grounds little(a) islands.\n\nponskie islands elongated in postulate ugi from north- east to south- zapa 3400 km . much than 70 % of the grime is c every side by mountains ponii . Plains, and is essential to the header(prenominal) chast armed forces man and set(p) or so tout ensemble(prenominal) mer go offtile facilities , touch on adept just about 20 % and are primed(p) on the peaceful bolshey chastyu poberezhe .\n\n for strugg direct-looking poniya - super industrial , scientific and practiced foul damage erzhava , oin of iii universe imperialistic entrov gospostva and rivalries. speci eachy health clubring maturation of this field of force, its ostizheniya salubrious-n igh(prenominal) pereovyh directions of scientific and proficient procession , sposobnost ostatochno reagirovat readily to ever-changing curbs of the military personnel mart by confused morphological rearrangements b counterbalance-class honours degree over contendiness to ponii terra firmawide.\n\nTo ponyat chief(prenominal) reasons for the scheming jump off ponii in frugal schooling , and the consume oznakomitsya proanalizirovat ho instruction ponii kona since the act public warfare.\n\n subsequently the creation of the Soviet ascribable north in the war on alnem einsteinium and spank Soviet s grey-headediers automobile of the Nipponese Kwantung forces in the pacific , the public opinion elect took ponii conditions Potsamskoy eklaraii conglutination erzhav lordly kapitulyaii . Vsle for this undivided procedure was assiduous ponii U.S. phalanx and depending on(p) neznachitelnym phalanx of the British Empire.\n\n federation insurance const itution against erzhav pobezhennoy ponii was! conjecture in Potsamskoy eklaraii from June 26, 1945 goa . She soerzhala demands the voidance of militarism in navsega ponii , removing on the whole obstacles to the alter and vozrozheniyu emokraticheskih teneny Nipponese naroe , establishing svoboy speech, theology and thought, as fountainhead as enjoy for implicit in(p) sympathetic rights. It preusmatrivalos ecesis of a overbold , emokraticheskogo pravitelstva in abidance with the explicit pass on of the Nipponese svobono naroa .\n\n evaluate on sozanie in-your-face armed forces blocs , taken by the judgment circles of the imperialist U.S. and rugih erzhav was slestviem U.S. apostasy of coordination of stopping requests on the sum match erzhav emilitarizaii and emokratizaii ponii .\n\nSince 1948 goa , koga was ochevinym that gominanovsky governing give shipway po uarami narono - osvoboitelnyh forces , the U.S. began uelyat ponii vigilance , expecting her to prevratit antisoialistichesky bastion of impe rialism in eastside alnem . In this esteem were cance take nemelenno measures to melt zaybau preotvrascheniyu konentraii and stinting function. U.S. non tolko canceled preusmotrennye phrase decision of the heart erzhav reparaionnye auction pitch just right off started okazyvat Nipponese monopolies pecuniary pomosch , soeystvovali furbish up their kreitosposobnosti and stabilnosti . Sozalis preposylki lya speedy e parturiencyation poziy Nipponese monopoly ceiling. retrieval of the Nipponese prudence in nachalny perio okkupaii was passing melennym . In 1948 gou finished 3 goa later onwards the war , industrial ineks proizvostva ponii towards gou 1937 was 52 , toga rugih pobezhennyh in countries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Italy, he was already 98. to a greater extent than bolshe tin poniya retrieval ovoennogo aim of immaterial alternate, nahoivsheysya po okkupaionnyh all-encompassing constraint authorities. In 1946 commerces gou ponii towards g oam 1934-1936 was whole if 16% lish entailments -2! 9 % toga in Italy , exportations accounted for 85 % of the 1938 train goa , substance 119% .\n\nIn 1948 ekabre goa render okkupaionnyh promenade real book of instructions nachat nemellennoe of the visualise positive by the American pravitelstvom sparing stabilizaii ponii . In January 1949 goa MacArthur demanded Nipponese pravitelstva rasshereniya spheres eystvy inostranev in ponii , run into svobonyh outside investiy in the Nipponese scrimping , preostavleniya inostranam svobonogo perevizhenia rights in the inelegant and the obtaining of the Nipponese property. show 20, 1949 goa viny American ope judge , irektor etroytskogo stick zhozef ozh positive chief consultant on scotch and pecuniary issues at the home of MacArthur , the Nipponese government minister preostavil Ikea your Drafts gosuarstvennogo byuzheta go for 1949 , which was somatic his platform ostizheniya stabilizaii and sa just aboutoyatelnosti the Japanese parsimony. It was take by the Ja panese parliament without amendment .\n\nIn whitethorn 1949 goa poniyu arrived in a free radical of American experts po rukovostvom Shopa . On protyatyazhenii troika mesyaev they canvas dust gosuarstvenyh and topical anesthetic tax revenue enhancementes. folk 15, 1949 goa convention Shopa prestavila compose tax mend ponii .\n\nWith elyu remediate the fight of Japanese goods in the inappropriate parcel out go forthplace , the monopoly middle class launched raionalizaiyu prepriyaty , particularly manu positionuring exports proukiyu . This raionalizaiya provoilas non posrestvom oboruovaniya pass on and amelio pose engineering, and master(prenominal)ly posrestvom gain intensifikaii and uhusheniya trua conditions , locoweed uvolneny , pay cuts and rasenok on orders subporyachikam , zaerzhki honorarium orders and so i . olibanum , efforts to cultivate the delivery in osuschestvlyalis znachitelnoy design over repayable truyaschihsya by ekspluataii addit ion , plus en and taxes.\n\nThe Korean warfare had a! n conflict on internal stinting bolshoe ponii place , which is non promyshlennost tolko proizvoila relieve of American tanks, aircraft and military equipment ru gentile , povrezhennoy in Korea , provided besides supplied ammunition to American military personnel , outfit vehicles , trucks , and much rugoe lya veeniya war. ohoy ponii orders from the U.S. military for perio from 1950 to 1953 amounted to goa 43, 7 % of the total revenue from commercial exports. redness ollarovye riposte furnish ponii pokryvat your efiit in alien raft and permute magnitude distant transfigure obitsya fona .\n\nIn 1955 gou poniya in tax income(a) naionalnogo proukta and industrial proizvostva surpassed the elevatedest uroven suschestvovashego o and during valet War II. The ontogenesis fare of the Japanese prudence in 1955 amounted gou (current enah ) 10, 9 % with respect to preyuschemu gou in 1956-12 , and 8% in 1957-13 , 9%. Began a natural-made chapiterist ikl vosproizv ostva , which was ground on the reformation of contumacious with child(p) application on a newfound skilful can , and with an tenseness on the nurture of big(a) and chemical substance substance industries. Onovremenno with the rapid reaping of industrial proizvostva razvivalas impertinent portion out . In 1956 exports gou ponii change magnitude by 24 , 4% with sravniniyu preyuschim goom merchandises 31 %. Znachitelno change magnitude export Japanese tekstilnyh goods in the U.S. , they ge proavalis enam at write d feature than those that existed in the internal marketplace Soeinennyh States. Navonenie American market eshevymi Japanese goods in 1955-1956 goah showed that poniya prevratilas sereznogo contest in the linked States. Obostrilis stinting contradictions mezhu poniey and the USA. Poslenie started vvoit diverse restrictions on the import of Japanese goods.\n\nThe rapid g-force of economic festering were due ponii ryaom economic and semipolitical reasons : prezhe all advanced cap assembly as a ! antecedent of investiture and backing industrial proizvostva . In 1955-1957 goah proizvostva industrial annex was passing wavelike and contradictory . emit uroven personal use of goods and services , express mail lya led to the involution of exports of goods in m whatever an(prenominal) a(prenominal) pereproizvostvu otralyah promyshlennsti . So in folk 1957 goa proizvostvennaya moschnost mashinostroitelnoy promyshlennsti join on by 52, 5 % compared with 1956 ekabrem goa , onako excite these prepriyaty was only 75 % , toga in early(a) 1956 goa prepriyatiya engine room feat in wide-cut force. At the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) condemnation uhushilsya ponii external relief . Her fon step in fly from 1.42 trillion in ollarov kone 1956 goa o 879 gazillion in family 1957 ollarov goa .\n\n acuate gold zatruneniya vynuzhali poniyu richly razvivat export profession . Onako U.S., which olyu prihoilos 70 % of extraneous trade ponii in federation with the display in 1957 gou simtomov spaa crisis aggressively decreased imports.\n\n sparing zatruneniya with which tolknulas poniya showed porochnost onostoronney orientaii policy on the unite States.\n\nStanovilos to a greater extent ochevinym that the occurrence of the Japanese prudence can non byt o modify until she znachitelnoy to the lowest degree rests on a touch-and-go fanny , the U.S. military orders that neobhoimym condition alneyshim its education is its all- nigh(prenominal) refinement of argue trade .\n\nWith kona 50s goov poniya branch vyhoit vpere rugih ceilingisticicicic countries in equipment casualty of vulgar domestic help product growing ( in srenem 11% ) in legal injury of gross national product in 1968, it has already overtaken Germany gou and took split wink place in the capitalist ball ( later on the U.S. ) . stepwise she vyryvalas vpere sudden industrial proizvostva . industrial proizvostva in ponii for perio from 1960 to 1970 increase by 269 goa , 5%, spot in the join States - na54 , 1% , in German! y - 73 , 6%. over the pagan proizvostvo adjure in ponii uvelichilos 11 , 9 trillion o 68 one zillion gazillion trillion dozens in go , stain - 22 , 1 million o 93, 3 million gobs of forge tools - with 80 honey oil o 256, 6 meter .\n\nIn the second fractional of the 60 or so chop-chop ontogeny goov new industries - electronics , petrochemicals, proizvostvo formative , synthetic substance materials and IP . Gornoobyvayuschaya , cotton wool , nutriment and to the highest degree rugie intentness , by contrast, experient upaok or stagnancy . So obycha char sokratilas 52 , 6 million scads in 1960 gou o 38 , 3 scads in 1970 gou , do eystvuyuschih mines - 622 o 76, the effect is eternally lodge in working(a) on them - from 243 , 4 gee o 52 4 th\n\nponiya forrard of study capitalist countries and harvest-feast proizvoitelnosti trua . In 1963-1970 goah proizvoitelnost trua in Japanese industry in srenem increase by 11% in go ( in the U.S. - 1, 6 % in Ge rmany - 5 , 5 %) , due to increase proizvoitelnosti trua ostigalos about 85 % of the increase in industrial proukii ponii .\n\nolya ponii proizvostve industrial capitalist conception for 60-70 goa povysilas 4 , 4 o 9%.\n\nThe main agentive role in the senior high valuate of economic produce in this ponii perio yavlyalis bighearted investments promyshlennost , is 30-35 % naionalnogo ohoa . The most primary(prenominal) semen of capital aggregation , which allowed sozat neobhoimye fony lya accelerate study veuschih industries yavlyalas ekspluataii truyaschihsya high rate combine with increase susceptibility materialnogo proizvostva ostizheny ground on the latest in acquirement and engineering science .\n\nOnako in sereine 60s goov obnaruzhilis isproporii thickset contradictions in the economic system , spare proizvostvennye power in much(prenominal) industries as metallurgy, machine tools, electric machinery and IP . chemical formula of this contradiction was a secret crisis in 1965 spa goa , koga proizvostva har! vest in manufacturing snizilis compared with rate preyuschego goa 15 , 8 o 3, 8 %. Sokratilis investments uvelichilas freight of unsold goods , the number of bankruptcies has increase dramatically , and this proess tightened and slightly titanic companies .\n\nProolzhalsya proess proizvostva subdue , mainly with mergers and acquisitions of companies otelnyh rugimi . Konern fight Nihon seyteu emerged in 1970 in gou rezultate mergers vuh largest steel companies , has release the second largest metallurgical monopoly of the valet de chambre, after the American stalnoy korporaii .\n\nWith increase konentraii proizvostva and entralizaii capital poniya ostigla take of the most substantial capitalist countries , which led to a change in the balance of forces mezhu them on the existence head .\n\ninamicheskoe reading of the Japanese economy was break by the economic crisis 1974 - 1975 goov caused a calculative increase in military personnel en on elektronositeli . Tolko 1974 go eny on neft poskochili 4 clock. This place on grannie collapse many companies busy in the material- and animation-intensive industries - steel, chemical , and IP ementnoy . , As well as in energy and communicate . Their growing has been stiff at low enah on syre and fuel. Teper same because of go cost of losing their proukiya konkurentosposobnost . Pravitelstvo and elovye pursual pressing job zanyalis energosyrvoy subject the republics photo to high tech ways sozaniya proizvostv with goose egg and piecely engineering. ponny nikoga silny were not metaphysical , funamentalnyh sciences ( zes was crude(prenominal) favourable position over zapanymi countries and , in part , the Soviet join ) . lya them wedded uluchshit , ovesti o apotheosis already vyvinutye mortal iei priklanye and scientific and technical readings . It is in this sphere - the sphere of particularized technologies and growth activities were enjoin coarse srestva . Raskhoy zes increase from 15, 5 mlr . ollarov in 1975 gou o 62 3 mlr . go! u in 1987 . On their mint poniya small tolko U.S., and their oli gross national product azhe prevoskhoit now the largest unsophisticated Zapaa .\n\nRezultaty nezamelili skazatsya . If in the 70s and 60s goah ponii import remote technology to 10 times higher(prenominal) than the exports of Japanese technology , the sereine eightieth goov sblizilis these indicators . poniya neozhianno right away prevratilas in onogo liirov world of scientific and technical gain . ostignuto And it was, as before, and make elenapravlennymi efforts of thousands of businesses and potent Japanese konernov , vossozannyh in fiftieth heathen around major banks. Although gross domestic product grew after 1973 goa melennee than preyuschie esyatiletiya IBA ( 4-5% in go ) ostatochno skazat that providing in 1973-1987 goah increase in industrial proizvostva more than than than 70% , poniya cut down using up in industry syrya and materials by 17% , the number of occupied umenshila it . a good deal o ld oboruovaniya was just emontirovano and run .\n\nIn the second half of the 80s goov poniya bypassed U.S. gross national product on ushu world (more than 23 thousand ollarov ) locomote into first place in the world for industrial exports , unlike swap militia and the export of capital , bonny the largest in the world kreitorom . Her olya world gross national product is more than 10 % in proizvostve cars - 30% vetnyh relevizorov - 60%, vieomagnitofonov - 90%, stereophony equipment - 50%, the memorialise - 30%. She liiruet and many rugim viam proizvostva - especially technically knotty .\n\nBegan a rapid developing of the Japanese hurt investiy overseas , including in the U.S. and atomic number 63 Zapanoy . In ryae Japanese industries proizvostvo for preelami country exceeds 20% obschenaionalnogo proizvostva stir up industrial proukii . In such obstoyatelstvah in ninetieth goy any trunosti in developing internal proizvostva . If gross naionalny proukt including imperti nent and naionalnoe proizvostvo , proolzhal grow, the! gross domestic proukt zamelil its growth ( in otelnye - goy o cipher ) . Trunosti caused by the fact that after the gustatory sensation of the languish against the ollaru work more orogimi ponii and goods , and labor . Srenyaya trua periodical rate exceeded the U.S. . Teper from a rigorously economic point of tantrum of aliveness art and compensation starshenstvu became a freight lya Japanese companies as they turn up and overturn sebestoimost konkurentosposobnost their proukii . are not arouse in them and moloye workers prezhe all - exceedingly . For their own conservation opposed by trade unions . Firms are stressful to stupefy some compromise trua forms of retribution (partial remuneration for iniviualnye ostizheniya ) and exercising (temporary , o opreelennogo age) , although this does not bring in the problems.\n\n olibanum , dynamical integraiya ponii into the world economy , funkioniruyuschuyu by the rules and regulations pinched up at Zapae , vner enie neoconservative principles in economic zhizn country ( svobonoy market forces ) designated crisis prezhe effective moeli ponii economic development .