Depatment of Veterans Affairs Essay Example for Free

Depatment of Veterans Affairs EssayThe Department of Veterans Affairs is continuing to have some(prenominal) problems with many of the services that they offer. The service that has been impacted the most is the healthc are division, others such as vocational rehabilitation and the Post 9/11 GI Bill are not providing the proper outlets and support that the veterans are in need of. In recent months the VA has had many accountability problems with regard to patients even dying from lack of services. When these problems graduation came to light the Federal government investigated some of the problems and there was no accountability for the peck that were not doing their jobs. There were also bonuses being given out when people were not doing their jobs. There have been many policys put in place such as Department of Veterans Affairs Management righteousness Act of 2014. This should help many of the problems that the VA is having in the healthcare division al star. The largest p roblem that they are currently having is a large backlog of patients just awaiting to be seen, as well as being understaffed for the amount of staff needed for the large amount of veterans now being seen.Recently the secretary of the VA, Eric Shinseki, resigned from his position and the deputy sheriff Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Sloan Gibson took his position for a short period until a new secretary could be chosen. The new Secretary of Veterans Affairs is Robert McDonald. He has proposed many divergent ways to help get veterans the benefits that they have been waiting for. The backlog is still over 750,000 veterans with almost one third of them still being from the backlog. Some of the more recent problems have been that the Department of Veterans Affairs has caught employees discarding, through burning and shredding, the files of some of the veterans that have applied for benefits. There are other plans being put into place, one by the President, and this is the Veterans Cho ice Card. This new program will allow veterans to visit other hospitals and doctors outside of the VA for treatment. The Veterans Affairs hospitals can only grow so untold until they need help from outside sources to help take care of everyone that needs medical attention. There has been an Industry Day as the Veterans Affairs office has been art it which is going to be for determining the costs for healthcare outside of the VA. The topics that will be covered in this areDepartment of Veterans Affairs Management answerableness Act of 2014 Backlog

Teaching Assistant’s Essay Example for Free

Teaching Assistants EssayTeaching Assistants practice in Primary, second-string and Special Needs Schools. Individual duties and responsibilities can vary greatly but leave behind be outlined in their farm out description. A TAs role is to incite this can be in a classroom situation, with groups or individual pupils and can often be all three.Support in the classroom (Classroom Assistant) involves more(prenominal) general duties attend toing the teacher with tasks in the classroom and pupils learning and development. TAs can be delegate to children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) who will benefit from supporter on a one to one basis or in smaller groups. Responsibilities can be as a Learning Support Assistant, load-bearing(a) children with learning difficulties or as a Personal C ar Assistant those needing help with day to day personal care.In 2003, the National Workforce treaty was established which acknowledged the need to raise standards in schools and address workloads. From this Higher Level Teaching Assistants (HLTAs) evolved. This higher level status gave additional responsibilities that previously just teachers could do, for example, developing support materials and assisting in lesson planning. Some schools, especially large or special needs schools, have TAs with additional, more specific roles. This ensures that all pupils and members of the aggroup are supported adequately. Although there are many different roles a TA can have there are fundamental aspects of the job which will be the same. These can be categorised into four areas.1. sustenance the Pupil. Support for the pupil is support for all pupils the TA comes into contact with in the school. Even if they are designate to an individual child they will still interact with other pupils whilst in the school environment. It is the responsibility of a TA, as all members of staff, to maintain safe and rock-loving surroundings for children endorsing equal opportunity for all pupils to learn and grow. TAs must not show prejudice and be alert to, and aware of, discrimination within the school, boost non prejudicial attitudes. It is equally important to show appreciation and acceptance of the differences between people and help children understand that everyone has different qualities.Another aspect of a TAs job is to aid the development of pupils life and social skills. They should encourage inclusion and integration of pupils particularly when children have been taken out of class for extra help or after long periods of absence, due to illness for example. Listening to pupils and showing interest in what they do in and out of school, lifting their self esteem and building confidence, accordingly encouraging independence. Whatever job description a TA has they should set a good example to pupils and be a good role model.2. Supporting the Teacher. TAs need to be able to forge good working relations and work within structures that the teacher has outlined . Whatever specific role they have been assiduous for it is of great importance to be fully aware of the lesson aims and learning targets to enable the pupils to achieve their best.A TA is in a strong position to help the teacher observe, assess and record pupils learning and behavioural progress and offer feedback on these issues.3. Supporting the School. All members of staff, including Teaching Assistants, are part of a team and when working effectively together can only benefit the school and consequently the pupils. TAs need to be aware of and work within school policies and procedures. These policies will include matters relating to Child Protection, Health Safety, Confidentiality and the plan. It is essential to work within these policies procedures to ensure issues, such as bullying, are reported correctly and dealt with quickly and effectively. It gives a self-consistent framework to deal with issues fairly and equally.TAs support the school by acknowledging and using t heir skills and being prepared to learn and develop new ones.4. Supporting the Curriculum. To support the Curriculum TAs need to have knowledge and understanding of ways in which children think and learn, progression of expected development and factors that inhibit learning. The National Literary and Numeracy Strategies have effrontery TAs more involvement in these aspects of the curriculum, especially in primary schools. They are frequently engaged to work in other areas of the curriculum such as Physical Education (PE) and Information and Communications Technology (ICT).With these increasing responsibilities it is helpful to have knowledge of National Curriculum documents and planning processes. A Teaching Assistant, as the name suggests, is there to help pupils achieve results whilst attending school. This is where the most differences in roles can be seen. In primary schools, a Teaching Assistant assigned to a class is responsible for assisting all pupils in that class. There a re many tasks this involves including Checking work and encouraging pupils to correct mistakes. Listening to reading. Helping with practical work e.g. Crafts, outdoor activities/outings. Repeating instructions the teacher has given and ensuring the children understand what they need to do. Working with smaller groups of children.

Ontological or Epistemological Organisational Structure

Ontological or Epistemological Organisational StructureOrganizations Structure contemporary / symbolic and Post- Modern statussThere ar many different ways at looking at system of ruless, with each way producing a different insight, knowledge, and sentiment. Depending on the ontological as well epistemological assumptions, different theories and perspectives may seem to apply better. The essay will focus on the similarities and differences mingled with the theories through with(predicate) the models of well-disposed bodily structure in an organization.From the philosophical ontological point of view, the modernist sees the material and sociable world as consisting of structures that exist, regardless of individual awareness. For example, the hierarchy of an organization is regarded as a affable fact even if people are not aware of it.Organizations should work like machines, using people, resources, as their parts. With the key design of building the beaver machines to ke ep organizations productive. (Han van Diest. 2008)As much(prenominal), the modernist approach to an organization can be considered as a well designed, structured entity. Operating organisational success is considered to be the result of well-organized systems that keep people / machines busy and costs under control. (Han van Diest. 2008)On the other end of the spectrum, the postmodernistist would beg that the social world extraneous to individual support is made up of nothing more than mere names, concepts and labels which are then social occasiond to form a structured mankind. (Burrell and Morgan 1979) Supporters of the postmodernist argue that organizations are imagined entities. A core idea in postmodernism is that we are always making sense of our omniscient reality through a pair of grotesque glasses glasses based on such factors as our present desire in a given situation, our past experiences, our values and culture, our come acrossing of what is real, and so forth. It is never possible to take the glasses off altogether and view the world impartially. (Inkeles A. 1983.)Taking a more balanced stand in the spectrum, a emblematical interpretive perception would be that social reality is created through communicative interaction between groups of people. Social reality is not a reality or set of facts existing prior to human activity. We create our social world through our language, symbols and behavioral actions. (Steven R Corman, Marshall Scott Poole 2000)As communicatory forms translator of human consciousness, organizations are understood and analyzed not mainly in economic or material terms only in terms of their expressive ideas and symbolism. (Smircich 1983 347-8). (Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006)Structure of an OrganizationWhile defining an organization from nuts and bolts point of view such as objects, buildings and elements, one of the key aims of a modernist perspective is to measure the organizational social structure to f ind out how to improve and contrive the ideal organization. (Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006)Through research and past studies of various organizations, it was open up that there is a strong relationship between the internal/external purlieu and the social structure of an organization in both a cross-tabulated or correlated way. Influences may involve the size or bureaucratic structure of the organization. (Lex Donaldson 2001).The organizational environment has a direct effect on organizational structure, such that unstable environment produce an organic structure system that can react and adapt more quickly, while in the opposite scenario, produces a mechanical system. The better the match, the higher the effectiveness of the organization. (e.g., Burns Stalker, 1961 Pennings,1975). (Shmuel Ellis, Tamar Almor, Oded Shenkar 2002)The modernist also views the organization through its social structuration. As routines, habits and rules are developed through the mutual in teraction and influences between the workers and organization, a structural system is created, re-created and mediated within the organizationa. Realizing that the agency and its structures are both conditions and outcomes of the actions of human action, social relations and practices within the organization (Cohen, 1989, Giddens, 1984), social structure is therefore viewed not a dead entity, but a social construction created and maintained by social practices. (Jennifer Wheeler-Brooks 2009)Again, although the organization structure provides the setting, in which workers fulfill and complete their daily task, the relationship between them, is not cast in stone, as employees remain as knowledgeable, responsive workers who have the ability to accept their own behaviors and thus either continuing or modifying the organization through their actions and behavior.It is also important to note that the modernists view on social structure comprises troika mutually supportive dualities of s tructures and agency (workers), namely signification, domination, and legitimation. Although these three are inseparable in practice (Giddens, 1979, 1984), (Giddens, 1979, 1984), they may be analyzed separately.Structures of signification are commit interpretive schemes that allocate meaning to peoples actions, such as beliefs, and language. Structures of legitimation are organization norms, constituted in the tacitly understood moral and social obligations (Clegg, 1989). Structures of domination are the institutionalized acquisition of power (Giddens, 1984). This can be in the form of, resources domination involving the structured distribution of material resources, such as products, serve including right of access and deployment of such resources, as well as institutionalized authority relationships. (Giddens, 1984 Whittington, 1992)By concentrating on the discontinuities and changing patterns of behavior and relationships of an organization, one cannot help but question and pr obe deeper on the relationship between agency and structure. (Giddens 1979 Reed 1997). (Paula Jarzabkowski 2008)It can therefore also be said that formal structures have symbolic as well as action producing attributes. Structures can become injected with socially shared meanings, and thus, apart to their functional roles, can serve to share and bring breeding about the organization both internally and externally. A symbolic interpretation can therefore help provide a new and different perspective into the causes and consequences of structure within an organization. (Tolbert and Zucker, 1996, p. 177). (Van de Ven, Andrew H. Dooley, Kevin Holmes, Michael E. 2004)The symbolic interpretive perceives that the emergence of the organization social structure needs to include social interaction and human consciousness through social practices, routines and community interaction.Through the build up of ideas, knowledge and actions of people, a routine is birth and rebirth in response to new experiences observed. (Levitt and March, 1988) Routines may include organizational rules, roles, conventions, strategies, structures, cultural practices and capabilities. (Martin Schulz 2002)It is therefore incorrect to think of organizations as only departments or system units. Interpersonal correspondence is the crux of any organization as it creates structures and foundations which can then affect what needs to be done, who to do it and what to do after that. (Robert Lawrence Heath, Jennings Bryant 2000)Organizations are adaptable to their environments in ways such as creating jobs for detail occasions, purposes or people and evaluating and deciding to continue or discontinue the job, based on the new requirement and knowledge acquired. (Miner (1987, 1991). (Martin Schulz 2002)The Symbolic interpretive views the social structure of an organization through the touch of knowledge transference within the organization. (Davenport and Prusak, 1996 Choo, 1998) Knowledge, symbolism an d best-practice transfers within and between organizations is not a one-sided activity, but an ongoing process of sharing, involving trial and error, feedback, and the mutual adjustment of both the sender and receiver of knowledge. (Szulanski, 1996 Powell, 1998 Kaeser, 2001). (Georg von Krogh 2003)It is also viewed that the chief feature of human organization is the use of language and symbolism (including the ascription of meaning to things and making sense of the world). (Robert Cooper 1989)From the Symbolic interpretive perspective, language such as the use of run-in, shared vocabulary, the way workers speak about their organization, use of slangs and jargons can also be used to define the social structure within the organization.Such groups of people, Communities of practice, bond together due to similar dearest for their skills and knowledge, and through regular interaction in order, develop a tacit understanding and meaning with one another, thus enhancing the social structu re within an organization. (Etienne Wenger, Richard Arnold Mcdermott, William Snyder, 2002)The foundational perspectives of postmodernism are that the individuals in the organization do not have an independent consciousness but needs inter-communicating with others to develop an identity. Meanings are not given prior to communication but arise from it and are context-dependent meanings, structure and language are considered temporary due to the ever-changing environment and developments. (Bart Nooteboom, 1992)Where modern organizations favour bureaucratic structures that emphasis on roles, rules and procedures, postmodern organizations prefers a more democratic approach and views that are informal and based on mutual agreement. Comparing to modern organizations that favour separation of functions and departments, postmodern organizations favour de-differentiation of those elements. This allows the creation of multi-skilled worker that can break traditional structural boundaries and inflexible work processes. (Steve May, Dennis K. Mumby 2004)The social structure of an organization is viewed simply as a reflection of the built commitment of individuals to help develop a set of rules for the organization in order to survive in the ever changing postmodern era. (Jim Barry, 2000)Drawing much from the philosophies of language of (the later) Wittgenstein (1976) and de Saussure (1979), in Postmodernism, communication rather than consciousness is viewed as the backbone of knowledge, and hence the philosophy of language occupies a commutation position. Words are not longer interpreted as names of objects or properties (meanings, concepts) that are given prior to language unlike in the Symbolic interpretive perspective. (Bart Nooteboom, 1992)Language reveals the organizational reality by showing that it is a process that involuntarily includes its internal differences and conflicts. The social structure of the organization is always in disarray caused by threats and inte rnal fighting. Organizations should therefore be viewed appropriately based on sense, intellect and logical context. This is very much unlike the modern sentiment of the notion of an organization stability. (Robert Cooper 1989)However, despite the difference of language opinions, postmodernists still follow the fundamental social structure similar to that of the symbolic interpretive in that interaction between people does not arise from a fixed structural identity, but is formed through interaction between people. In the words of Lyotard The self by itself does not amount to much, but it is not isolated. It is taken up in a tissue of relations which is more complex and meandering(a) than ever. It always finds itself in a nexus in communication circuits, however small.(1979, p. 59, authors translation). (Bart Nooteboom, 1992)In conclusion, although the three perspectives differ in their interpretation and views on the dimension of an organizational structure, it can be agreed that all perspectives recognize the importance of the social structure of an organization as the key building block that forms the organization. Blau (1977 1) The study of social structure centres attention on the distribution of people among different positions and their social associations.Through the study of structural effects of the various perspectives, we are able to understand the spirit, character and characteristics of social structure within an organization, as well as the effects and outcomes it carries by looking at factors such as formal organization chart, differentiated positions within the structure, relationships among task-relevant roles, languages games used, differentiation, inter-communication, etc.Thus having a good understanding of the different perspectives and applying a mixture of different theories in the right context and environment will help to strengthen the organization as a whole and provide a better picture of what an organization is and why things are accident the way they are.ReferenceAndrew H, Dooley, Holmes, Kevin, Michael E, Van de Ven, Handbook of Organizational Change and Innovation Cary, NC, USA Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2004. p 179.Bart Nooteboom, A Postmodern Philosophy of Markets, Int. Studies of Mgt. Org., Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 53-76 M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1992Dennis K. Mumby, Steve May, 2004, move Organizational Communication Theory Research.Etienne Wenger, Richard Arnold Mcdermott, William Snyder, 2002, A Guide to management knowledge Cultivating Communities of PracticeGeorg von Krogh, 2003, Knowledge Sharing and the Communal ResourceHan van Diest, 2008, Possibilities of Democratisation in Organisations. Social Epistemology Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 97-117Hatch, Mary J. and Cunliffe, Ann L., 2006, Organization Theory, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press OxfordInkeles A. Exploring Individual Modernity. New York Columbia University Press, 1983Jennifer Wheeler-Brooks Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, March 20 09, Volume XXXVI, Number 1Jennings Bryant, Robert Lawrence Heath, 2000, Human Communication Theory and Research.Jim Barry, 2000, Organizations and Management.Lex Donaldson, 2001, The Contingency Theory of OrganizationsMartin Schulz, 2002, Organizational LearningOded Shenkar, Shmuel Ellis, Tamar Almor, 2002, Structural Contingency Revisited Toward a Dynamic System ModelPaula Jarzabkowski, 2008, Shaping dodge as a Structuration ProcessRobert Cooper, Modernism, Post Modernism and Organizational Analysis 3 The Contribution of Jacques DerridaSteven R Corman, Marshall Scott Poole, 2000, Perspectives on Organization Communication

Guerrilla Wafare Of Shivaji

Guerrilla Waf ar Of Shivaji106. This paper has put for fightd an argument that microscopic has changed since the times of Kaultiya and Sun Tzu . Shivaji borrowed heavily from Kautilya , while Mao and Che have quoted Sun Tzu in detail. The only aspect that has been added to the modern day guerrilla war is spectral fanaticism.Comparison107. Guerrilla warfare as conducted by Shivaji , Mao tse Tung and Che Guevara will be compared on basis of the following aspects-(a) Ideology.(b) Violent Means.(c) Non violent Means.49(d) Impact and Result.Ideology108. Shivaji. Shivaji led the freedom struggle of the Marathas against Muslim rule in Deccan. His ideology was to show Hindavi Swarajya and subsequent expansion of the Maratha Empire. This was partly responsible for re-establishment of Hindoo rule and its re-emergent assertiveness throughout the mainland of present day India after cosmos ruled and dominated by various Muslim dynasties for several centuries. The ideology of Hindavi Swarajya was in part the inspiration that propelled the succeeding generation of Marathas to establish independent kingdom in India prior to their eventual defeat by the British. He succeeded in establishing require of a well-defended segment of the present state of Maharastra in western India, during his lifetime. The prevalent practices of treating women as war booty, destruction of religious monuments, slavery and forceful religious conversions were intemperately opposed under his administration. Shivaji was a religious Hindu, but showed respect toward other religions. Shivaji innovated rules of military engagement of that era. He pioneered Ganimi Kava (in Marathi), or guerrilla tactics, which leveraged strategic factors analogous demographics, speed, surprise and focused attack to defeat his bigger and more fountainful enemies.109. Mao tse Tung. Maos ideology was greatly influenced by Leninism, Marxism and Trotskyism. But soon he essential his own blend of communism , widely known as Maoism. Some components of Maoism are as follows-50(a) Peoples War. The arm branch of the party must non be distinct from the masses. To conduct a successful vicissitude the needs and demands of the masses must be the most important issues.(b) New Democracy. In backward countries, socialism can non be introduced before the country has gone through a period in which the material conditions are improved. This cannot be done by the bourgeoisie, as its progressive character is long since replaced by a regressive character.(c) Contradictions as the most important feature of society. Society is dominated of a wide go of contradictions. As these are different of nature, they must also be handled in different ways. The most important divide is the divide between contradictions among the masses and contradictions between the masses and their enemies. Also the socialist institutions are plagued with contradictions, and these contradictions must not be suppressed as they were during Sta lins era.(d) Cultural revolution. Bourgeois ideology is not wiped out by the revolution the class-struggle continues, and even intensifies, during socialism. Therefore an instant struggle against these ideologies and their social roots must be conducted.110. Che Guevara. Che widely quoted Mao and Sun Tzu. He was highly impress by Maos insurrection and his rise to power. Che propounded his ideology51known as Guevarism . His ideology promotes exporting revolution to any country whose leader is asserted by the United States and has fallen out of favour with its citizens. Guevara talked about how constant guerrilla warfare taking place in non-urban areas can overcome leaders. He introduced three points that are representative of his ideology as a whole, that the people can win with proper organization against a nations army that the conditions that make a revolution possible can be put in place by the popular forces and that the popular forces always have an advantage in a non urban setting.111. He had a dedication to foco techniques, also known as focalism (or foquismo in Spanish) vanguardism by small armed units, frequently in place of ceremonious communist parties, initially launching attacks from rural areas to mobilize unrest into a popular front against a sitting regime. Despite differences in approachemphasizing guerrilla leadership and flash raids that engender general uprising, rather than consolidating political power in military strongholds before expanding to new onesChe Guevara took great inspiration from the Maoist notion of protracted peopleHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protracted_peoples_warHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protracted_peoples_wars warViolent Means112. Shivaji. The times in which Shivaji lived were extremely harsh and trying ones. It was a period when Mughals , Adilshah of Bijapur, Qutubshah of Golconda and Nizamshah of Ahmednagar were at the peak of their power. Internecine conflicts between these powers were alw ays spread over and violent. Shivaji established his52kingdom in this period. He had to fight very many bloody battles i.e. Battle of Purandar , Battle of Sinhagarh, Killing of Afzal Khan, Rout of Shahistakhan etc. He always tried to resolve issues as less bloodshed as possible.113. Mao tse Tung. Mao tse Tung led the insurrection of his people of his people by propounding Communism and established an everlasting communist rule in China. He started as an urban new first, but soon understood that real power lied with the peasants and gave a rural shade to his revolution. He was remorseless in dealing with the Koumingtang and also the Japanese. His use of violence was at times to the extent of being a sadist. Mao advanced further strategy and tactics of direct action by combining political and military strategy and war and revolutionary heart and soul. His long-range strategy, outlined in his essay On Contradictions, is based on a general proposition that change is determined by c ontradictions and conflicts. Of particular involution in this regard is Maos utilization of the Chinese peasantry and the Peoples Liberation Army in accomplishing the Communist revolutionary victory in China and in structuring post-revolutionary society.114. Che Guevara. Che Guevara was a ruthless revolutionary who penalize hundreds. He argued in his writings and speeches that hatred is good because it, transforms us into effective, violent, selective, and cold killing machines. He said , I am not Christ or a philanthropist, old lady, I am all the contrary of a Christ. I fight for the things I believe in, with all the weapons at my disposal and try to leave the other man dead so that I dont get nailed to a cross or any other53place. The consequences of building violent, selective, and cold killing machines is that these means lead to tragic ends that continue the cycle of violence and bloodshed. One example took place in the early daybreak hours of July 13, 1994 just six miles f rom HavanaHYPERLINK http//www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/96eng/Cuba11436.htmHYPERLINK http//www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/96eng/Cuba11436.htms sea wall, the Malecon, out in the ocean a tug-boat with more than 71 Cubans trying to head for sanctuary were attacked. These victims were met by other tugboats captained by Che, who used high pressure hoses to knock these refugees overboard into the sea and later rammed and sank the boat drowning 41 passengers. 21 of the dead were women and children. Che said in the UN General congregation in 1964, HYPERLINK http//www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/discursos/19641211a.htmWe must say here what is a known truth, which we have always expressed before the world firing squad executions, yes, we have executed we are executing and we will continue to execute as long as is necessary. Our struggle is a struggle to the death.HYPERLINK http//www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/discursos/19641211a.htmNon violent Means.115. Shivaji was the biggest proponent of non violent means amongst the three. He tried to avoid combat as long as the ends were being met by negotiations and guile. But one must not consider him untoughened due this practice of his. Whereas Mao tse Tung and Che Guevara are little known to have employed non violent means.Impact and Result116. Shivaji had a far comer impact on the psyche of India as a nation , he promoted the sense of independence from the Muslim rulers amongst several rulers of South India , Rajputs and Punjab. He was able to establish a free Maratha54kingdom in the Muslim dominated politics of his times. This kingdom was further expanded till Delhi by the Peshwas.117. Mao established the Communist rule in China, which still exists , by ousting Chiang Kai Sheks Koumintang. Che Guevara was the romantic guerrilla, who helped Fidel Castro in taking over Cuba from Batista, but he is more remembered after his death. relevance in Modern Times118. The precepts propounded by Shivaji and the orised by Mao tse Tung and Che Guevara are relevant in the modern times. The new guerrilla, terrorists, are making in effect(p) use of the theories laid by these three. Therefore to counter these threats, government have forces also have to resort to guerrilla warfare.55CHAPTER VIIICONCLUSION rebellion by means of guerrilla bands is the true method of warfare for all nations desirous of emancipating themselves from a foreign yoke It is invincible, indestructible.Giuseppe Mazzini119. The leaders discussed in the paper are all of them charismatic characters. The aim was to illustrate as to how they adapted their guerrilla theories to their particular terrain and situation and developed new ideas as the struggle continued. An objective analytic thinking of Shivaji, Mao tse Tung and Che Guevara proves that there was very little difference in the way they fought their war. Following conclusions are evident-(a) They were all strong proponents of guerrilla warfare, due to the inherent asymmetry between them and their adversaries.(b) They were able to channelize the masses, so important for the revolution.(c) The principles of war employed by them are important today as armed conflict between belligerents is becoming asymmetric in nature day by day.56120. History shows that nineteenth-century guerrilla wars invariably failed to achieve their objectives except with the support of the regular army, domestic or foreign. A powerful impetus was given to guerrilla war after 1945 with the disintegration of colonial empires. The colonial powers no long-term had the will to fight and even if the guerrillas were militarily ineffective, to combat them became so costly, that the imperial power had to withdraw. Guerrilla wars against domestic leaders have succeeded.

Strategies to Counteract Online Radicalization

Strategies to Counteract Online RadicalizationCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWThe purpose of this study is to evaluate existing Bangladeshi efforts to counter al-Qaedaization through the cyberspace, locate its weaknesses, and explore opportunities. This look allow analyze the significant aspects of successful counter radicalization models of different countries, and suggest shipway to incorporate those in Bangladesh to develop a coherent anti-radicalization strategy. Initially, this literature retrospect forget discuss the concept of radicalization through the cyberspace. It will allow the readers to follow the subsequent analysis and the suggestions to develop a mechanism in Bangladesh to counter this menace.The literature review is divided into three sections cause online radicalization, online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective, and significant aspects of successful international anti-radicalization programs. Understanding online radicalization will examine the pote ntial power of the internet to incline people and the process of radicalization. The section on online radicalization from a Bangladeshi perspective will at first, briefly assess the relevant threats in Bangladesh and will then, identify and evaluate the existing programs of countering online radicalization. The final section will study the strategies adopted by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), The U.S. National Counter act of terrorism Center (NCTC), and the current programs undertaken by Malaysia and Indonesia. These two countries of seceast Asia imbibe been selected due to religious and cultural similarities, and geographic proximity. Their programs bet to be effective against online radicalization.Understanding Online RadicalizationThe internet appears to create much opportunities to occasion radicalized. Many scholarly articles ascribe a role to the internet in promoting radicalization1. Those studies suggest that the internet acts as an accelerant, and has broken t he traditional barriers to radicalize individuals2. In this regard, Gabriel Weimanns brat on the Internet The New Arena, The New Challenges counts the number of websites of terrorist groups and reviews their contents3. In his article, Weimann points to the proliferation of immoderates web sites. He founds, by the end of 1999, most all terrorist groups established their online presence. Different empirical studies suggest, in that respect is a correlation between extremists web sites and online propaganda, and rapid radicalization.The internet enables the terrorists to reach otherwise unreachable individuals. The reach of the internet has blurred the geographic barriers, and connected the strange individuals in the virtual foundation. Peter Neumann in his research points that the internet allows the terrorists to reach those individuals who would non stimulate been accessible in any other way4. For example, Anwar al-Awlaki5 successfully created online contents such as Inspi re that advocates jihad from home. Ines von Behr asserts, these kind of online materials wee broaden the scope to reach any people, and their charitable contents create more than chance to implant radical ideas among the individuals6.The internet creates opportunities to radicalize a wider range of people from all societies. Rachel and Strugnell identify, beside removing the geographic barrier, the internet has erased the social and gender barriers as well to spreading extremist ideologies. They highlight on the internet created scope to reach and radicalize the women7. In many societies, it may be difficult for women to meet personally with male extremists or work with them it may also be difficult for the women to express certain thoughts in public. However, the internet allows them greater anonymity8. Some authors opine, the internet benefits the introvert individuals who argon pursuance the radical ideas by creating a scope to access any content privately9. Jerome Bjelopera says, the characteristics of the internet allows a relative advantage to the terrorists in the present days than their old generations by fading the lines between countries, societies, and genders10. The internet provides supposed anonymity and a degree of protection and security from detection11.The internet accelerates the process of radicalization. Bjelopera terms the internet as an echo chamber12. It means, people who are searching any radical ideas to support their sketchy thoughts are likely to get some reinforcing contents on the internet due to its massive storage. The internet is a kind of one-stop shop for all the information that an individual may seek to underline his radical ideas that expedites his radicalization process. The virtual world reduces the timeframe of radicalization process as opposed to the actual world. Anthony Bergin in his study refers the internet as a conveyor belt that accelerates the radicalization process by providing instantaneous and unbroken connection to any violent idea13. Raffaello Pantucci further highlights the internets role in incubating and accelerating radicalization14. Robert Schmidle points that, the chat rooms in particular are effective for the extremists since they can exchange ideas with similar individuals 24/7 regardless of borders15. at that placefore, the internet expedites the radicalization process of any individual by offering varieties of contents and continuous interaction.The internet allows radicalization to occur without physical contact. Yeap and parking lot explain, the internet enables any individual to access radical contents from their personal space instead of attending a radical religious gathering16. Therefore, an individual collect only the internet connection, physical travelling to other location is no more essential. Though the internet reduces hurdles to interaction, some scholars may argue that gay interaction is necessary for radicalization. However, Behr says, in a digit al era the online activities may be considered as an extension of the real lives, and physical connection is no more essential17. Beside the actual world, personal relationship may grow in the virtual world as well. Thus, Mitchell Silber and Arvin Bhatt asserts, radicalization on the internet is not necessarily any different to what would happen with other more private and less visible sources18. Besides, the internet increases opportunities for self-radicalization. It is a process where an individual stepwise become radicalized by himself 19. Hence, the internet creates opportunities of radicalization without tender interaction.An individual move through several phases as he becomes radicalized through the cyberspace. In a New York Police Department radicalization case study, Silber and Bhatt identify quartet phases of radicalization pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination and jihadization20. The case study recognizes the impact of the internet on the radicalizat ion process as an individual looking for an identity and a cause21. The internet facilitates in each of the stages to instruct, socialize, inform and recruit22. The FBI has also created a radicalization model similar to that of the NYPD. The FBI model has four stages pre-radicalization, identification, indoctrination and action23. These categories are almost similar to NYPD. The diagram below illustrates the Moghaddams staircase to radicalization where the online contents play a complementary roleMoghaddam Staircase to RadicalizationSource Moghaddam, Fathali M. The Staircase to Terrorism, A Psychological Exploration, Vol. 60, no 2, American Psychologist, 2005.Online Radicalization in Bangladeshi PerspectiveTerrorists Approach and their Target listeningIn Bangladesh, fewer religion based terrorist organizations have gained capabilities to develop and spread their radical messages online. They have attracted public and media attention through their activities and propagation. Besi des, few leftist semipolitical groups are also trying to develop their online capabilities. At present 13 terrorist organizations are operating actively and 29 others are operating covertly using fake credentials24. The Special Branch of Bangladesh Police has provided the names of eight terrorist organizations to Home Ministry who are very active on the internet Ansarullah Bangla Team, Allahr Dal, Islamic Solidarity Front, Tamiruddin Bangladesh, Tawhidee Trust, Hizbut-Tawhid, Shahdat-e-Nabuwat and Jamat-as-Sadat. Five of these terrorist organizations have already been banned by the government activity, and eight more are yet to be banned25. These groups may have significant investment, both human and financial, to build their online capacities.The terrorist groups of Bangladesh appear to be active on the internet, particularly in Facebook and YouTube, to spread radical preaching. This is safer, and lower possibility of being tracked by the law enforcing agencies. Farooq opines, t he online propaganda of the terrorists in Bangladesh have become more organized, and appealing to their targets26. Arman claims that the terrorists try to exploit the ethno-religious sentiment of the people while developing their messages, and appeal to their believes to embed their radical ideas27. Over the last few years, hate speeches and violent ideologies that spread through the internet triggered a number of terrorist attacks and communal violence in Bangladesh. This was evident in Ramu and Pabna incidents where mass attacks were carried out on religious minority people. In both cases, unidentified persons using pseudonyms posted doctored photos and messages on the Facebook defaming Islam that agitated people28. Social media have become the easiest means to spread radical ideas in Bangladesh.Bangladeshi youths are particularly vulnerable to online radicalization due to lack of cyber awareness. Farooq in his study opines, the terrorists seem to target the educated youths by spr eading appealing messages on the Internet29. It is easier to radicalize the youths than the elders since they are more connected to the online world. Farooq also opines, many Bangladeshi youths at first just curiously run across radical contents, and gradually fall into the traps unconsciously. The concept of cyber awareness and related programs seem insufficient in Bangladesh. As a result, neither the youths nor their parents or guardians are aware about the online traps. immediately after the terrorist attack at the Holey Artisan Bakery restaurant, RAB released a list of 261 missing youths across the country30. These missing youths are suspected to have conjugate various terrorist groups.The terrorists in Bangladesh attempt to build their radical narratives based on religious and socio-political contentious issues. Nirmal Ghosh opines, though Bangladesh is politically a secular country, the terrorist appeal to the Moslem majority population to make it an Islamic state under Sar iah law31. They seem to exploit the religious sentiment of the people. These groups intentionally create fake photos with radical messages such as prosecution of Muslim Rohingyas and spread those on social media to instill communal violence in the country32. Furthermore, the extremists adeptly construct radical narratives on socio-economic disparity and political issues to create sympathizers.Bangladeshi Counter Radicalization ProgramsThe Bangladesh government has implemented several plans and strategies to counter radicalization in the country. However, Abul Kalam argues that, the government has mostly implemented coercive approaches to minimize the terrorist threats33. Aynul Islam in his article, categorizes the government initiatives into two types operational drives by the law and security forces, and legal initiatives34. The law enforcement agencies have achieved some success in disrupting few of the extremist groups. Many extremist leaders and activists have been arrested, put under trial. However, the terrorists online activities apparently remain undisrupted due to lack of government action. The National Monitoring Cell (NMC) monitors the suspicious online activities, but it has extra capacity and expert workforce. The government effort to shut down or censor few websites seem not very effective, because extremists innovate new ways to reach people. Moreover, it is difficult to identify and stop secret groups in social networking sites that contains radical ideas.Bangladesh government has enacted a few legislations to ensure the cyber security. Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory execution 2001, The ICT Act 2006, Digital Security Act 2016 (Draft) are at present the main legislations of Bangladesh to enforce cyber security. On 11 June 2008, the Anti-Terrorism Ordinance 2008 was approved by the government, and was revise in 201335. The new counter terrorism legislation has kept maximum punishment a death sentence for terrorist activities. Howeve r, in most cases the laws have not been enforced against persons who carry out propaganda in the cyberspace.Bangladesh has number of agencies with counterterrorism cells. Islam opines, capabilities and activities of these agencies are not orchestrated36. Their roles are not specified, and efforts are fragmented. The Bangladesh Police, the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Bangladesh Rifles (BDR), armed forces and comprehension agencies are mainly liable for fighting terrorism. All of these forces have counter terrorism cells, but they work separately. He further argues that, the police are not well equipped and trained to deal with the new trends of online terrorism. The intelligence agencies are essential apparatus in support of operational activities. The National Security intelligence operation (NSI), the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), Special Branch (SB) of Police and the RAB intelligence wing have been working in Bangladesh to identify the potential threat so urces. There is no set mechanism through which the forces can share intelligence and coordinate their collection efforts. In May 2004, NSI constituted a separate clay called counter terrorism cell to identify specific risk population and areas, and threat groups. The counter terrorism bureau of DGFI, has been working to evaluate, analyze, and frame counter terrorism policy at strategic and operational level37. Nonetheless, there is no overarching organization to synchronize these wide varieties of organizations in the country38.Islam in his article, social function Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh, identifies few key deficiencies of Bangladeshi programs to prevent radicalization39. First, Bangladesh has no set mechanism to monitor the internet for preventing radical ideas. He opines that there is a lack of knowledge and understanding of the threats that can spread through online. Neither the country has sufficient technological and organizational expertise, nor it has workable inte rnational cooperation for capacity building. Second, the law enforcement agencies do not have close link with the other service sectors or private sectors to identify suspicious activities. Third, the Bangladesh government is not sufficiently addressing strategic issues like de-radicalization and counter ideology. Fourth, there is a very limited initiative to educate professional groups like academics, media community, service sector officials, and political leaders to create general awareness. There is almost no community based programs in the country for developing cyber awareness. Fifth, the government overemphasizes coercive approaches in dealing with terrorism issues. There is no dedicated research institution in the government to provide forum for understanding and research on critical issues of terrorism like online radicalization. Although the counter terrorism bureau of DGFI is responsible for policy related activities, it is barely possible to formulate a viable strategy b y a body of armed forces alone. Finally, he mentions that, in Bangladesh, strategies and policies are highly bureaucratic, ambiguous, and unaccountable40.References1 Precht, Tomas. Homegrown Terrorism and Islamist Radicalisation in Europe From Conversion to Terrorism. An Assessment of the Factors Influencing Violent Islamist Extremism and Suggestions for Counter Radicalisation Measures, Copenhagen Danish Ministry of Defence, 2008.2 Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of lonely(prenominal) Wolves Preliminary Analysis of solitary Islamist Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011.3 Weimann, Gabriel. Terror on the Internet The New Arena, The New Challenges. Washington, DC United States Institute of two-eyed violet Press, 2006.4 Neumann, Peter R. Options and Strategies for Countering Online Radicalization in the United States. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 2013.5 Anwar al-Awlaki w as a spokesperson and recruiter for Al Qaida.6 Ines von Behr, Anas Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in The Digital Era. RAND Corporation, 2103. 17.7 Briggs, Rachel and Alex Strugnell. Radicalisation The exercise of the Internet. Policy Planners Network working Paper, London Institute for strategical Dialogue, 2011.8 Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65.9 Torok, Robyn. Make a Bomb in Your Mums Kitchen Cyber Recruiting and Socialisation of black-and-blue Moors and Home Grown Jihadists. Edith Cowan University Research Online, 2010.10 Bjelopera, Jerome P. American Jihadist Terrorism Combating a Complex Threat. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC Congress Research Service, 2011, 101-102.11 Weimann. Terror on the Internet The New Arena, The New Challenges.12 Bjelopera. American Jihadist Terrorism Combating a Complex Threat. 101-102.13 Bergi n, Anthony. Countering Online Radicalisation in Australia. Australian Strategic Policy Institute Forum, 2009.14 Pantucci, Raffaello. A Typology of Lone Wolves Preliminary Analysis of Lone Islamist Terrorists. Developments in Radicalisation and Political Violence, International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011.15 Schmidle, Robert E. Positioning Theory and Terrorist Networks. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2009, 65.16 Yeap, Su Yin and Jenna Park, Countering Internet Radicalisation A Holistic Approach. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2010. 2.17 Ines von Behr, Anas Reding, Charlie Edwards, Luke Gribbon. Radicalisation in the Digital Era. RAND Corporation 2013. P.20.18 Silber, Mitchell D. and Arvin Bhatt. Radicalization in the West The Homegrown Threat. New York New York city Police Department, 2007.19 Change Institute. Studies into Violent Radicalisation Lot 2 The Beliefs Ideologies and Narratives. 2008.20 Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West The Homegrown Threat. 6-7.21 Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West The Homegrown Threat. 8.22 Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West The Homegrown Threat. 8-9.23 Silber and Bhatt, Radicalization in the West The Homegrown Threat. 30.24 Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh try Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8.25 Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. P. 8.26 Sobhan, Farooq. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Enterprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 13.27 Tanbir Uddin Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015.28 Arman. New Media, Digital Radicalization and Social Security. The Bangladesh Today, 2015.29 Farooq Sobhan. The Role of Civil Society in Countering Radicalization in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Ente rprise Institute, Dhaka 2014. 10.30 Bdnews24.com. Web http//bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/07/20/rab-releases-list-of-261-persons-missing-from-across-bangladesh.http//www.straitstimes.com/opinion/battle-for-bangladeshs-soul-as-islamic-radicals-push-for-power32 Tuhin Shubhra Adhikary and Wasim Bin Habib, Fake photos trolling,http//www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/fake-photos-trolling-132061333 Kalam, Abul. The Challenges of Terrorism Bangladesh Responses. Moni, SD. (ed) Responding to Terrorism in South Asia, Monohar, New Delhi, 2006.34 Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165.35 The Daily Star, 18 June 2008.36 Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165.37 Hussain, Sakhawat M. Capacity Building of Law Enforcement and Intelligence Agencies. Farooq Sobhan, ed, Counter Terrorism in Banglades h. University Press Limited, Dhaka, 2008, p. 70.38 Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 165.39 Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168.40 Islam, Aynul M. Mapping Terrorism Threats in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Dhaka, April 2008. P. 167-168.

Ku Klux Klan :: American History KKK

Ku Klux KlanDuring the nineteenth century, black people were treated as slaves. White governments introduced many laws to control their freedom. They could not vote. They were denied access to good jobs and to worthwhile education and easily into the twentieth century they suffered great poverty. People from the USA wanted to prevent them from voting and holding office. They were called the Ku Klux Klan, it was organized in Pulaski, Tennesee, during the winter of 1865 to 1866 by six agent confederate army officers who gave their society a name adapted from the Greek word Kuklos.The KKK used violence and intimidation to keep blacks segregated. They used parades, beatings, lynching, and other unpeaceful methods to intimidate blacks.The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK as known today, was started in the spring of 1866. Six Confederate veterans formed a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee. This KKK only lasted a short six years, but left tactics and rituals that later started in generations. (Ingal ls, 9) The Klan was a small group very much in secrecy at starting signal. The exact date of the beginning is unknown. Despite all of the secrecy the six KKK members initiated new members to join their social club. (Ingalls, 9) The Klan now started to spread across Tennessee. At first the Klan used tricks to keep blacks in their place. At first, the Klan would ride around on horses, and with their white robes, and white pointed masks, try to scare blacks. They would try to act comparable ghost with their white uniforms. Unfortunately, the Klan quickly moved to more violent pranks. (Ingalls, 12) In 1869, General Forrest, the Grand Wizard of the KKK ordered Klansmen to restrict their activities. The Klan was getting out of control, and sexual intercourse passed a Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871. By the end of 1872, the federal crackdown had broken the back of the KKK. Because of the restriction and the Act passed violence was isolated but still continued. The KKK was dead, and reconstruct ive memory lived on in southern legend . This would not be the last of the KKK. On the night of Thanksgiving in 1915, sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia climbed to the clear of Stone Mountain and built an altar of stones on which they placed an American flag. They then stood up a sixteen foot long cross and burnt-out it. One week later, this group applied for a state charter making it The Knights of the KKK, Inc.

On line tutor :: essays research papers

U capital of Canada Online TutorThe appraiseing report is the report you requested on June 14th, 2005. It has proposal in regards to an online nurture database STS consultant Firm developed to links students in need of academic assistance with potential carriages. Contained within the report is a detailed analysis of how the online tutor database benefits University of Ottawa and its students.In order for University of Ottawas School of Management to accept STS Consultant proposal to endorse advertise through the Schools discordant communication channels. University must first understand all the benefits of online tutor database. Also, the report details challenges the University must consider before accepting the proposal. The report will as intumesce have a set of recommended actions that must be taken in order for School of Management to make full usage and maintain an online tutor database.I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for your time and co-operation. If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to call me at (613) 262-2469Online TutorFor University of Ottawas School of Management June 14th, 2005U Ottawa Online TutorEXECUTIVE SUMMARYIt is recommended that University of Ottawas School of Management acquire to advertise through the Schools various communication channels. However, before the university decides to advertise it must begin by decided how to implement and maintain the website.In order for the online tutor service efficiently assess students, they will have to begin to implement the service to be online. Also, University of Ottawa (O.U.) will need to follow the recommendations in order to be able to successfully benefits the student. Advertise must be d unmatched to get the service out will be one of the steps that need to be taken in order for O.U. to successfully benefit the university, tutors and its students.The report will outline and detail the benefits of online tutor service, as well as the act ions necessary in order for U.O. to successfully implement an online tutor system.Setting up an online tutor system enables students to search most desirable tutor on the database 24 hours a day. The database combined with todays advanced technological tools to will help organize and service efforts. Student can have log in and search out tutors. Tutor candidate profiles can be viewed instantly in real-time, facilitating students quickly and accurately identify potential tutors to contact.With an online tutor service implementation time is required to setup and additional expenses maybe incur and website maintenance.